January 02, 2006
Singularly frightening future?
Will super-intelligent computers someday inherit the Earth?
This portentous question is a staple of science-fiction thrillers such as "The Matrix" and "The Terminator" movies as well as more thoughtful cinematic treatments such as Steven Spielberg's haunting film "A.I."
It is also the topic of two best-selling nonfiction books by futurist Ray Kurzweil: "The Age of Intelligent Machines" and "The Age of Spiritual Machines." With his new book, "The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology," Kurzweil links a projected ascendance of artificial intelligence to the future of the evolutionary process itself. The result is both frightening and enlightening.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceDecember 03, 2005
Smart toys
The hierarchy of toys used to be simple: He-Man was master of the universe, Barbie was queen of the catwalk, and Ken, well, he was just a loser. But take a trip to your local toy store and you'll quickly discover that the toy world has changed significantly.
He-Man has been conquered by Robosapien V2 ($299), a 55cm-tall humanoid robot who has the ability to see, communicate and pull off slick dance-floor moves.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceAugust 11, 2005
Spotting the bots with brains
Traditional measures of human intelligence often won't be appropriate for systems that have senses, environments and cognitive capacities very different from our own. So Shane Legg and Marcus Hutter at the Swiss Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Manno-Lugano have drafted an alternative test that will allow the intelligence of vision systems, robots, natural language processing programs or trading agents to be compared and contrasted despite their broad and disparate functions.
Although there is no consensus on what exactly human intelligence is, most views appear to cluster around the idea that it hinges on a general ability to achieve goals in a wide range of environments, says Legg.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJuly 26, 2005
Bionic Knee
In the 70s, the idea of bionics seemed so far-fetched that it became a TV series, but the integration of biology and technology is gaining strength.
A new prosthetic knee, developed using research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, is among those leading the way, reported WCVB-TV in Boston.
The Rheo Knee, made by Ossur, hit the market early this year. It is powered by rechargeable batteries.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJuly 18, 2005
Virtual Culture
Virtual computer characters more accustomed to battling deranged alien monsters are about to take part in a unique social experiment.
A society of virtual "agents” - each with a remarkably realistic personality and the ability to learn and communicate - is being crafted by scientists from five European research institutes who hope to gain insights into the way human societies evolve.
The project, known as – or – brings together experts in artificial intelligence, linguistics, computer science and sociology. It is backed by a consortium consisting of the and in the UK, Tilberg and Universities in the Netherlands and in Hungary.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJuly 13, 2005
Programs that can learn game rules
From mahjong to Monopoly, bridge to Bingo, Sorry to Scrabble—games are serious fun. And with their diverse rules, they're also the perfect tools for exploring concepts in artificial intelligence (AI) and new approaches to programming, say Stanford computer scientists.
The concept of general game playing is "drastically different," Genesereth said, from the computer programming done in the past to create programs like IBM's Deep Blue, which beat world chess champion Gary Kasparov in 1997.
"The computer just follows a recipe that has been given to it," Genesereth said of Deep Blue's highly specialized program. The applications for AI are limited in this case because the computer never has to "think" for itself. A program like Deep Blue demonstrates "the smarts of the programmer rather than the smarts of the program," said Genesereth. In AI research, what is important is the intelligence of the program itself.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJune 28, 2005
Buddhabot
A 1-year old, Artificial Intelligence (AI) named the Buddhabot is now fielding questions and conversing with people around the world who seek answers to philosophical questions.
According to Canadian inventor and futurist, Ron Ingram, “the Buddhabot is a ‘human-friendly’ benevolent AI created to entertain, evolve and spark a peaceful philosophical revolution.”
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJune 16, 2005
'Curious' Aibos
Sony has succeeded in giving selected Aibo pet robots curiosity, researchers at Sony Computer Science Laboratory (SCSL) in Paris said last week. Their research won't lead to conscious robots soon, if ever, but it could help other fields such as child developmental psychology, they said during an open day in Tokyo.
More than 50 years ago Alan Turing, considered by many to be the father of computer science, speculated about the possibility of creating synthetic consciousness. Progress has been made with AI (artificial intelligence) systems, which have typically used task-defined learning algorithms that enable programs to define what is good or bad about particular sets of information in relation to achieving preset goals, according to SCSL researcher Frederic Kaplan.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJune 15, 2005
Japan's robot-led recovery
Ten teenagers huddled over a Transformer-like robot in a humble classroom are pioneers in a Japanese initiative called "super science", a nationwide effort in public education to nurture future leaders in technology.
While fears are growing that Japan is being overshadowed by the clout of China, along with increasingly successful businesses in other Asian nations, hopes are high for the program, which grants high schools money to pay for their own original technology curriculum.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJune 11, 2005
CajunBot
To help protect American military personnel, the U.S. Department of Defense has been mandated by the U.S. Congress to have one-third of its ground combat force unmanned by 2015. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the research agency for the U.S. Department of Defense, created the Grand Challenge to encourage the development of an autonomous “thinking” ground vehicle capable of navigating totally on its own.
A total of 106 teams applied to participate in the March 13, 2004 race, of those, UL Lafayette's CajunBot was one of only 13 vehicles that competed in the Grand Challenge. As expected, none of the vehicles were able to complete the course in 2004. The longest distance traveled by any contestant was 7.4 miles.
Read more about CajunBot
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJune 06, 2005
IBM Aims To Simulate A Brain
IBM has embarked on a quest for the holy grail of neuroscience--the far-off goal of creating a computer simulation of the human brain.
When the first mammals evolved from reptiles 200 million years ago, one of the biggest changes was inside their heads. Their brain cells were structured together into columns, an innovation that could be repeated like a computer chip to make larger and more powerful minds-- from mice to cats and dogs to humans.
"This was the jump from reptiles to mammals," says Henry Markram, founder of the Brain/Mind Institute at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, Switzerland. "It was like discovering a G5 processor or Pentium 4 and just copying it."
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 06:50 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
IBM Aims To Simulate A Brain
IBM has embarked on a quest for the holy grail of neuroscience--the far-off goal of creating a computer simulation of the human brain.
When the first mammals evolved from reptiles 200 million years ago, one of the biggest changes was inside their heads. Their brain cells were structured together into columns, an innovation that could be repeated like a computer chip to make larger and more powerful minds-- from mice to cats and dogs to humans.
"This was the jump from reptiles to mammals," says Henry Markram, founder of the Brain/Mind Institute at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale in Lausanne, Switzerland. "It was like discovering a G5 processor or Pentium 4 and just copying it."
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 06:50 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJune 03, 2005
Transhumanist Values
Transhumanism is a loosely defined movement that has developed gradually over the past two decades. It promotes an interdisciplinary approach to understanding and evaluating the opportunities for enhancing the human condition and the human organism opened up by the advancement of technology. Attention is given to both present technologies, like genetic engineering and information technology, and anticipated future ones, such as molecular nanotechnology and artificial intelligence.
The enhancement options being discussed include radical extension of human health-span, eradication of disease, elimination of unnecessary suffering, and augmentation of human intellectual, physical, and emotional capacities. Other transhumanist themes include space colonization and the possibility of creating superintelligent machines, along with other potential developments that could profoundly alter the human condition. The ambit is not limited to gadgets and medicine, but encompasses also economic, social, institutional designs, cultural development, and psychological skills and techniques.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 04:01 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMay 29, 2005
The future is a chip inside your head
Imagine a world where you can never lose your mobile phone because the technology has been implanted in your jawbone; a future where elite football teams play to neurally downloaded tactics and where everything you buy comes with GPS software to help you keep track of it. It may sound like science fiction but, according to a leading academic based in Scotland, it could soon be fact.
Andy Clark, a shock-haired professor of philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, believes his finger is on tomorrow’s pulse. He burst into the academic stratosphere with the 2003 publication of Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies and the Future of Human Intelligence. That book explored the way human minds might interact with emerging technology, instantly becoming both a key scientific text and a crossover hit in the United States, casting Clark in the role of scientific seer.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMay 18, 2005
How to breed robots
A group of scientists has made an advance in 'artificial life' by building a machine that can replicate itself, reports Roger Highfield
Half a century ago, a pioneer of the computer and the atomic bomb attempted to describe life as a logical process, an effort seen today as one of the first steps towards making a new kind of creature - an artificial lifeform that could range from a robot to a crackle of electrical activity in a microchip.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 09:27 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMay 11, 2005
ROBEA Project
The machine called RABBIT, which resembles a high-tech Tin Man from "The Wizard of Oz," minus the arms, was developed by University of Michigan and French scientists over six years. It's the first known robot to walk and balance like a human, and late last year, researchers succeeded in making RABBIT run for six steps. It has been able to walk gracefully for the past 18 months.
Complete Article
Read More about ROBEA Project
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMay 09, 2005
AI's Next Brain Wave
Artificial intelligence, a field that has tantalized social scientists and high-tech researchers since the dawn of the computer industry, had lost its sex appeal by the start of the last decade. After a speculative boom in the '80s, attempts to encode humanlike intelligence into systems that could categorize concepts and relate them to each other didn't really pan out, and "expert systems" packed with rules derived from human authorities couldn't translate their expertise into areas beyond the subject matter for which they were programmed. Even when Deep Blue, an IBM chess-playing computer that could evaluate some 200 million board positions per second, defeated grand master Gary Kasparov in 1997, the triumph didn't lead to an artificial-intelligence renaissance.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceApril 27, 2005
Building robots with people in mind
n the isolated, otherworldly landscape of Utah's painted desert, NASA scientist William J. Clancey made an important breakthrough about how to create robots to assist astronauts on a future mission to Mars.
As geologists on the team explored the depths of a ravine, Clancey realized one of the most important needs of space travelers is the ability to stay in touch with home base.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceApril 23, 2005
Mixing information with optimal results
Advancing the state-of-the-art in information integration is one of the first systems to successfully apply logic-based artificial intelligence in the hunt for information as governments, companies and universities attempt to navigate today’s maze of data.
Developed by the IST programme-funded project INFOMIX, it overcomes many of the problems that have beset existing commercial and academic applications, especially when searching inconsistent and incomplete data sources. Capable of extracting information stored in multiple formats from the Internet and private and public databases, the system provides end users with homogeneous data, allowing them to obtain precisely the information they want when they want it.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMarch 30, 2005
Adidas_1
Adidas announced Wednesday it would launch 'Adidas_1', artificial intelligence-based running shoes throughout the world simultaneously on April 1.
Adidas_1 is equipped with a microprocessor on the sole which works with the sensor and magnetic so that the shoes themselves can control the level of cushioning according to the runner’s weight and the state of the road.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMarch 11, 2005
AI and the law
Given the choice, who would you rather trust to safeguard your future: a bloodsucking lawyer or a cold, calculating computer? Granted, it's not much of a choice, since neither lawyers nor computers are renowned for their compassion. But it is a choice that you may well encounter in the not-too-distant future, as software based on artificial intelligence (AI) starts to dispense legal advice.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceMarch 08, 2005
TechSpin: AI for your email
Microsoft has not given up on artificial intelligence—adaptive software that attempts to mimic the working of the human mind. In fact the company's 14-person Adaptive Systems and Interaction Group is working on a number of prototypes, including one that will go through your email and decide which messages are important enough to forward to you via mobile phone. The program is part of a larger project developing software that analyzes incoming messages, weighs their relative importance against what the recipient is doing at any given moment, then makes a decision whether to pass them along immediately or wait until a better time. If the user is on vacation, for instance, the program raises the importance bar and will forward only messages it deems of the highest urgency.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceFebruary 24, 2005
Cloying Girlfriends
For Asian men who can't or won't find a girlfriend, a Hong Kong artificial intelligence company will soon offer a virtual one who lives in a cell phone.
Named Vivienne, the 3D electro-nymph offers many of the responsibilities, but none of the pleasures a breathing woman can provide.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceFebruary 21, 2005
Artificially induced
There are some things that Selmer Bringsjord simply can't divulge. Specifics about a grant-funded project to develop reasoning computers, to ultimately enhance homeland security. Not "top secret," but "need to know."
And we don't need to know.
Bringsjord, the director of the Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning Lab at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, knows the deal in a totally non-conceptual way. He let something slip once. And he got The Call.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceFebruary 05, 2005
Towards a truly clever Artificial Intelligence
Dr James Anderson, of the University’s Department of Computer Science, has developed for the first time the ‘perspective simplex’, or Perspex, which is a way of writing a computer program as a geometrical structure, rather than as a series of instructions.
Not only does the invention of the Perspex make it theoretically possible for us to develop robots with minds that learn and develop, it also provides us with clues to answer the philosophical conundrum of how minds relate to bodies in living beings.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceJanuary 10, 2005
The Paranoid Machine
Computing Beyond Turing
70 years ago (1935), Alan Turing started his studies of mathematical logic and formulated the initial parts of a theory, that would become - as "Turing Machine - the foundation of our computers until this very day. Turing compared his universal calculating machine to a human who calculated a number, and restricted its principal application to "those problems which can be solved by human clerical labour, working to fixed rules, and without understanding".
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceDecember 19, 2004
The Cyber Detective
Working 24 hours a day, seven days a week, it could look for telltale similarities in crime records and alert detectives when it finds them. Developed by computer scientists Tom Muscarello and Kamal Dahbur at DePaul University in Chicago, the system uses pattern-recognition software to link related crimes. Called the Classification System for Serial Criminal Patterns (CSSCP), the system sifts through all the case records available to it, assigning numerical values to different aspects of each crime, such as the kind of offence, the perpetrator's sex, height and age, and the type of weapon or getaway vehicle used. From these figures it builds a crime description profile.
A neural network program then uses this to seek out crimes with similar profiles. The neural network the DePaul team uses, called a Kohonen network, is particularly good at finding patterns in a set of input data without any human intervention. Some neural networks require an operator to "train" them to find patterns in data sets, but this requires foreknowledge of the pattern. If it finds a possible link between two crimes, CSSCP compares when and where they took place to find out whether the same criminals would have had enough time to travel from one crime scene to the other.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceNovember 30, 2004
Searching Smarter, Not Harder
Databases and search engines provide instantaneous access to endless information about anyone or anything, but the search results often include as many misses as hits. To generate more-relevant answers, organizations including the federal government are using topic maps to index their data.
Topic maps are smart indices that improve search capabilities by categorizing terms based on their relationships with other things. For example, William Shakespeare is a topic that would be mapped to essays about him, his plays and his famous quotes.
Organizing content with topic maps provides context for words that can have multiple meanings, according to Patrick Durusau, chairman of a topic maps technical committee at OASIS, the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceNovember 28, 2004
On your marks
They walk, tumble, crawl, writhe, roll and bounce around. It's a race and contestants can take any shape or form, from four-legged walkers to amoebas. The only thing is, this race doesn't exist in the real world. It's entirely online and competing "animals" are little more than wire-frame models that follow some basic physical principles such as mass and gravity.
Welcome to Sodarace. Developed as a joint project between Soda - a British multimedia design company - and the University of London, Sodarace tackles the age-old question: which is better - man or machine? Human ingenuity or artificial intelligence? Indeed, its website promotes the venture as "the online Olympics pitting human creativity against machine learning".
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceNovember 26, 2004
Neural Network Hijacks Commercial Airliners, No One Harmed
Following last month's news that University of Florida scientist Thomas DeMarse has grown a living neural network and taught it to fly a simulated plane, and last week's story about DeMarse's acquisition of a contract to develop automatic pilots for commercial airline Jet Black, a new chapter of the story unfolds. A fleet of commercial airliners owned by Jet Black have today allegedly launched themselves autonomously into as many as 10 symbolic targets. No individuals are known to have been killed or injured in the attacks.
The planes, unmanned and without pilots took off from Logan airport in Boston, MA and hit corporate headquarters of Walmart, Honeywell, Pfizer, Sperry Corp., Bechtel, Unisys, Spectra Physics, Microsoft, Halliburton and possibly others.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceNovember 12, 2004
Welcome to the Matrix
In what civil liberties advocates call the most massive database surveillance program in US history, the Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange, or Matrix, continues to compile billions of records on law-abiding citizens and receive federal funding, despite public outcry and suspicion.
A Florida-based company, Seisint, Inc., created the database shortly after the terror attacks of September 11, 2001 by combining the company’s own commercial databases with law enforcement records.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceNovember 02, 2004
Virtual room makes knowledge out of data
A team at Purdue University in the US is developing a virtual ‘data cave’ for scientific discovery that uses high-performance computing and artificial intelligence software to display information and interact with researchers.
One of its earliest applications is expected to be in the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors, according to the team behind the work.
"If you were a chemist, you could walk right up to this display and move molecules and atoms around to see how the changes would affect a formulation or a material's properties," said James Caruthers, a professor of chemical engineering at Purdue.
The future of communication based on knowledge engineering. A real "virtual" communication in which data is converted into interactive 3 dimensional images. A result of fusion of different areas of engineering like chemical, computing product design and more.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceOctober 13, 2004
Using python and AOL IM to create nmap bot
"GrokItBot is an IM bot that uses Py-TOC, PyAIML and Divmod Reverend to create an AIM bot that makes uses of AIML (Artificial Intelligence Markup Language) to respond to messages, combined with a Bayesian algorithm to provide learning and guessing capabilities."
Computer scientists have been tinkering with the idea of intelligent systems for quite a while. If you are new to the realm of intelligent systems, check out the October version of Dr. Dobbs Journal.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceOctober 09, 2004
NASA software finds satellite problems
NASA scientists recently corrupted a spacecraft's system and caught the glitches with artificial intelligence (AI) software in a test.
Normally, troubleshooting is done on the ground by people.
The AI software, Livingstone Version 2 (L2), automatically detects and diagnoses simulated failures in the NASA Earth Observing One (E0-1) satellite's instruments and systems. E0-1, launched in November 2000, is a flying test bed for new technologies and techniques intended to boost safety and to reduce costs and development times.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 12:15 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceOctober 05, 2004
Program cracks crosswords
It's a boon for puzzle addicts and a small leap forward for artificial intelligence: a computer program that can solve crosswords in any language.
The program, called Web Crow, reads crossword clues, surfs the web for the answers and fits them into the puzzle. Computer engineers Marco Gori and Marco Ernandes at the University of Siena in Italy say a prototype should be available by the end of the year.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceOctober 04, 2004
How do we move?
It looks like a shoe box with legs, but to Bob Full, ``RHex,'' the Compliant Hexapod Robot, is the harbinger of a new generation of biologically inspired bots.
A professor of integrative biology at the University of California-Berkeley, Full's expertise is in the neural and muscular physiology of creatures that most people would rather step on than study.
RHex is the culmination of years of his research, a legged robot that likely is one of the most maneuverable ever built. More importantly it's the starting point of a $5 million, five-year National Science Foundation study into the mechanical and neurological basis of locomotion. The research hopes to answer a simple but unanswered question: How do we move without falling over?
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceOctober 02, 2004
Decision Evolution
Have you ever known a family in which the child went well beyond the parents? One in which the parents didn't seem to have a lot on the ball, but they bequeathed just enough capabilities to their child for him or her to take off? That's just what happened in the world of automated decision making. The parents—artificial intelligence (AI) and decision support systems (DSS)—were ultimately disappointing despite lots of favorable hype. AI and expert systems required those pesky knowledge engineers to create them, and they were very difficult to maintain. Decision support systems also never really flourished, despite being the darling of academics for decades, perhaps because they required too much statistical expertise and too much human analysis for these lean times.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 02:33 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceSeptember 30, 2004
Toyota launches sonar-equipped minivan
Toyota has launched its new Isis medium-class minivan in Japan with steering-guided clearance sonar, which warns the driver when there is a risk of contact with an obstacle in the same direction of travel - a claimed world first.
The new model also has a so-called ‘panorama open door’ on the passenger side with built-in centre pillar for easier access and the usual variety of seat arrangements.
The panorama open door consisting of a conventional front door and a rear sliding door. When the front and rear doors are both opened, an opening 1,890mm wide is created, achieving claimed “dramatic improvements” for ease of passenger entry and exit loading and unloading.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 05:25 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceSeptember 20, 2004
Alice chatbot wins for third time
A computer chat program called Alice has won a prestigious prize for human-like conversation for the third time.
It was judged to be chattiest bot out of the four finalists in the Loebner Prize for artificial intelligence held in New York on Sunday.
British hopeful, Jabberwacky, came second in the annual competition.
The event is based on the Turing Test, which suggests computers could be seen as intelligent if their chat was indistinguishable from those of humans.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 05:41 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceSeptember 17, 2004
Got a 'bot? If not, maybe you ought
Recent scientific breakthroughs have brought us closer to the day when we can each own a smart-alecky mechanical maid like the one on the "The Jetsons."
Several companies have demonstrated new robots lately, ranging from Honda's "ASIMO" humanoid to little droids that ferry medications through hospital corridors. Each new model raises the question: When, oh when, will we have our very own domestic robots to cook our food and wash our socks?
It might be awhile. Experts at a recent American Association for Artificial Intelligence conference in San Jose, Calif., say they've still got a few kinks to iron out, such as giving robots proper vision and a refined sense of touch. (There's a fine line between a friendly handshake and a bone-crushing claw.)
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 11:25 AM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceSeptember 14, 2004
Will AI Reach the Mainstream?
"Artificial Intelligence" is a term that has grown old enough to almost be quaint. The prospect of a manmade technology able to simulate human thinking is certainly exciting, but in the absence of products, Spielbergian visions of AI are taken by most as entertainment.
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Home >> Artificial IntelligenceSeptember 13, 2004
Pentagon Revives Memory Project
It's been seven months since the Pentagon pulled the plug on LifeLog, its controversial project to archive almost everything about a person. But now, the Defense Department seems ready to revive large portions of the program under a new name.
Using a series of sensors embedded in a GI's gear, the Advanced Soldier Sensor Information System and Technology, or ASSIST, project aims to collect what a soldier sees, says and does in a combat zone -- and then to weave those events into digital memories, so commanders can have a better sense of how the fight unfolded.
Posted by Vishwakarma C. K. @ 06:37 PM | Comments (0) | TrackBack
Home >> Artificial IntelligenceSeptember 09, 2004
Artificial Intelligence Creeps into the Commercial Market Despite Initial Hurdles
Some technologies such as case-based reasoning solutions have already created a buzz in the market with multi-applications in the fields of drug discovery, medical diagnosis, fraud detection, data mining, and knowledge discovery. Another promising commercial avenue for AI is in enabling radiation-based food and water sterilization technologies with sensing systems.
“In future, AI is likely to be incorporated in several products to make users’ lives easier,” says Technical Insights Research Analyst Amreetha Vijayakumar. “However, it cannot be depended on to replace human intelligence and can serve only as an enabling technology.”
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