October 24, 2005
Making computer work like a brain
Artificial intelligence, long the stuff of science fiction tales such as "2001: A Space Odyssey," has frustrated computer scientists for decades.
Teaching computers to think, it turns out, is even harder than teaching people to do it. So the experts are going back to the source.
The Pentagon is funding a closer look at how the human brain works its magic, in hopes of programming machines to do it. This project aims to tap advances in neuroscience and cognitive psychology -- from imaging technologies that identify brain activity to emerging theories about the role of emotions.
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Home >> BrainAugust 23, 2005
Supercomputer's key to the brain
Inside your head nestles a forest of millions of neurons which weave together to make your thoughts. Man has long wanted to discover the secrets of the brain, and has done so with varying degrees of success.
Recently advancements in this area of science have been limited by the power of computers. But at Switzerland's , the aims to change this by simulating the structures and functions of the brain.
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Home >> BrainJune 18, 2005
Mind Science Foundation
Einstein once walked these hallways as did the bongo-drum beating physicist Richard Feynman. Both offered theories that turned the scientific doctrine of their time on its head.
Next week at the famed California Institute of Technology some of the world's leading researchers in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, neurology, artificial intelligence, philosophy and physics will gather to ponder one of the top questions in modern science -- an enigma that has eluded brilliant minds for centuries: how does consciousness arise in human beings?
"How does the pulsating gray matter in our brains give rise to the sensorial richness of the world around us and the intricate complexities of our own self-perception?" asks Joseph Dial, Executive Director of the Mind Science Foundation, which is the lead sponsor of this year's Cal-Tech conference.
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Home >> BrainJune 04, 2005
Next-Generation Memory Chip
A team of international scientists has made a gigantic stride forward to develop next-generation memory chips, which are more progressed compared to the current best 60-nanometer products.
The team, participated by Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology professor Kim Sang-ouk, said yesterday that they established a pattern helpful in building the futuristic memory chips.
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Home >> BrainMay 29, 2005
The future is a chip inside your head
Imagine a world where you can never lose your mobile phone because the technology has been implanted in your jawbone; a future where elite football teams play to neurally downloaded tactics and where everything you buy comes with GPS software to help you keep track of it. It may sound like science fiction but, according to a leading academic based in Scotland, it could soon be fact.
Andy Clark, a shock-haired professor of philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, believes his finger is on tomorrow’s pulse. He burst into the academic stratosphere with the 2003 publication of Natural-Born Cyborgs: Minds, Technologies and the Future of Human Intelligence. That book explored the way human minds might interact with emerging technology, instantly becoming both a key scientific text and a crossover hit in the United States, casting Clark in the role of scientific seer.
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Home >> BrainMay 07, 2005
Animals that are part-human
On a farm about six miles outside this gambling town, Jason Chamberlain looks over a flock of about 50 smelly sheep, many of them possessing partially human livers, hearts, brains and other organs.
The University of Nevada-Reno researcher talks matter-of-factly about his plans to euthanize one of the pregnant sheep in a nearby lab. He can’t wait to examine the effects of the human cells he had injected into the fetus’ brain about two months ago.
Read Also: The New Ethics Guidelines
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Home >> BrainMarch 25, 2005
Softwares will read your Mind in Future!
The W.M. Keck Foundation has awarded Carnegie Mellon University a $750,000 grant to support research into how the human brain deciphers language, which could one day yield advances in the treatment of neurological disorders such as autism and dyslexia.
This multidisciplinary research is being conducted by Marcel Just, the D.O. Hebb Professor of Psychology, and Tom Mitchell, the Edward Fredkin Professor of Artificial Intelligence and Learning in the School of Computer Science. Using computer models to interpret the results of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) brain scans, the researchers plan to develop a computational theory that describes the changes in brain activity over time during language comprehension and makes predictions about the subprocesses involved in word and sentence comprehension. They also will demonstrate how reading different words and sentences will produce variations in brain activity and how dysfunctions in specific brain regions influence the function of the entire brain system.
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Home >> BrainMarch 21, 2005
Scientists Discover What You Are Thinking
By decoding signals coming from neurons, scientists at the California Institute of Technology have confirmed that an area of the brain known as the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vPF) is involved in the planning stages of movement, that instantaneous flicker of time when we contemplate moving a hand or other limb. The work has implications for the development of a neural prosthesis, a brain-machine interface that will give paralyzed people the ability to move and communicate simply by thinking.
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Home >> BrainMarch 06, 2005
Brain reconstruction hints at 'hobbit' intelligence
Analysis of the diminutive cranium of Homo floresiensis - a tiny hobbit-like human that lived in Indonesia just 13,000 years ago - confirms it as a unique species and reveals remarkably advanced features for such a small brain.
The skull and other bones of one female and fragments from up to six other specimens were discovered in caves on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003 and revealed to the world in October 2004. The remarkably petite human stood just a metre tall and had a brain about one-third the size of modern humans.
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Home >> BrainMarch 05, 2005
The Bleeding Edge of Computing
Guosong Liu, a neuroscientist at the Picower Center for Learning and Memory at MIT, has unlocked a secret about the computing functions of the human brain.
Whereas computers process information using a binary system of zeros and ones, the neuron, Liu discovered, communicates its electrical signals in trinary code -- using zeros, ones and minus ones. This allows additional interactions to occur during processing; two signals can add together or cancel each other out, or different pieces of information can link up or try to override one another.
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Home >> BrainOctober 31, 2004
Selling Out for Science
By the time Californians go to the polls this week, they will have endured months of Biology 101 lectures from celebrity activists such as eBay founder Pierre Omidyar and producer Doug Wick. Seeing Hollywood and Silicon Valley types pushing their favorite causes—in this case, Proposition 71, a $3 billion research initiative for human embryonic stem cells—is nothing new in California. Seeing scientists do so is another matter. Hans Kierstead of the University of California's Reeve-Irvine Research Center announced shortly before Election Day that he had succeeded in coaxing human embryonic stem cells into producing highly purified brain cells called oligodendrocytes, then injected them into rodents with bruised spines. After nine weeks, the rats regained their ability to walk and run. The results were "thrilling and humbling," said Kierstead. "The humbling part is that the cells are so incredibly powerful."
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Home >> BrainOctober 06, 2004
The Helping Brain
When the optic nerve is attacked by an inflammatory disorder called optic neuritis, certain brain areas reorganize themselves in response to the faulty visual information transmitted by the nerve, according to a study presented October 5, 2004, at the 129th annual meeting of the American Neurological Association in Toronto.
"We found that certain areas of the brain normally associated with more specialized higher visual processing are particularly active early after the onset of optic neuritis and are probably contributing to the recovery process," said lead author Ahmed Toosy, MD, of the Institute of Neurology in London.
Optic neuritis is an advantageous condition in which to study reorganization of brain pathways after injury because the condition is usually temporary. Symptoms ranging from mild blurring to complete loss of vision appear rapidly, within a few hours or days, often accompanied by pain. About half the time these represent an early stage of multiple sclerosis.
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